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What is vertigo​?

Causes, treatment and home remedies

Understanding vertigo

Vertigo is more than just a feeling of dizziness—it’s a disorienting sensation where you or your surroundings seem to spin or tilt, even when you’re perfectly still. It’s not a condition in itself but a symptom of various underlying health issues. For many, it can be a distressing experience that disrupts daily life.

In this article, we’ll explore what vertigo is, its causes, symptoms, and the available treatments to help you regain balance and confidence.

What is Vertigo?

While dizziness may involve light-headedness or a feeling of unsteadiness, vertigo is a spinning or whirling sensation. It occurs when there’s a mismatch between the signals your brain receives from the eyes, inner ear, and sensory nerves. This disconnect can make everyday activities challenging and, at times, unsafe.

Is vertigo hereditary?

Vertigo itself is not directly hereditary, but certain conditions that cause vertigo, such as Ménière’s disease or migraines, may have a genetic predisposition. Family history can play a role in increasing susceptibility to these underlying conditions.

Symptoms of Vertigo

People experiencing vertigo commonly report:

  • A sensation of spinning or swaying, as if the room is in motion;
  • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus);
  • Hearing loss in one ear;
  • Nausea or vomiting;
  • Difficulty maintaining balance;
  • Double vision or blurred vision;
  • Facial paralysis or weakness;
  • Difficulty speaking or focusing with the eyes;
  • Cold sweats and general malaise.

Symptoms can vary significantly, from mild and short-lived to severe and persistent, depending on the underlying cause.

What is the reason for vertigo?

Vertigo can stem from various issues, typically categorised as either peripheral (related to the inner ear) or central (linked to the brain and nervous system). Let’s break down the most common causes:

Inner ear disorders

  1. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): caused by tiny calcium particles moving out of place in the inner ear, BPPV is often triggered by sudden head movements.
  2. Ménière’s disease: this condition involves an abnormal buildup of fluid in the inner ear, leading to vertigo episodes, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
  3. Vestibular neuritis: inflammation of the vestibular nerve can disrupt balance signals sent to the brain.

Central nervous system issues

  1. Migrainous vertigo: linked to migraines, this type of vertigo often includes sensitivity to light and sound.
  2. Neurological conditions: strokes, multiple sclerosis, or brain injuries can affect balance-related brain functions.

Additional factors

  • Vascular problems: reduced blood flow to the inner ear.
  • Medications: certain drugs, such as antibiotics and diuretics, can induce vertigo.
  • Psychological factors: stress and anxiety can exacerbate symptoms.
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Vertigo vs. Instability

It’s important to distinguish vertigo from general instability. Vertigo involves a sensation of motion, while instability is a feeling of unsteadiness or imbalance. Knowing the difference can help pinpoint the underlying cause and tailor treatment.

Other causes and risk factors for Vertigo

Vertigo can arise from a wide range of factors beyond those directly related to the inner ear or brain. Here are some additional contributors:

Cervical spine issues and vertigo

In approximately 40% of cases, vertigo is linked to cervical spine problems*. Issues such as poor posture, muscle tension, herniated discs, or neck injuries can interfere with balance. These cases may also include symptoms like neck pain, tingling or numbness in the arms, and difficulty concentrating.

 

*Source: Chiroup

Vertigo and stress

Stress in the workplace or daily life can trigger vertigo, particularly when combined with other environmental factors. Poor lighting, noisy environments, or constant demands can exacerbate symptoms. Managing stress through relaxation techniques or lifestyle adjustments may reduce episodes.

Vertigo and nausea

Vertigo is often accompanied by nausea, which can stem from the brain’s reaction to conflicting sensory information. While nausea may be a physiological response, it can worsen with emotional distress or anxiety tied to the vertigo experience. In severe cases, nausea may escalate to vomiting, amplifying discomfort.

Sudden vertigo while sitting

Sudden episodes of vertigo while sitting can be unsettling and may arise from various causes, including disruptions in the inner ear, stress, or circulatory irregularities. These episodes might present with symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, or a transient sense of imbalance. Identifying and addressing potential triggers, such as maintaining good posture, staying hydrated, and avoiding prolonged periods of inactivity, is essential for effective management. If such episodes persist, consulting a healthcare professional is advised to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Vertigo when I wake up

Waking up with vertigo is a common experience for many individuals. This can be caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure or issues like benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), where displaced crystals in the inner ear disrupt balance. Avoiding sudden movements upon waking and consulting a doctor if episodes persist is recommended.

Causes of vertigo in elderly

As we age, the risk of vertigo increases due to changes in key systems that maintain balance, including the vestibular, central, and visual systems. The most common cause of age-related vertigo is vestibular syndrome. Additional contributing factors include:

  • Degeneration of the inner ear structures;
  • Reduced blood flow to areas of the brain involved in balance;
  • Neuropathy and psychological factors.

These complex interactions highlight the importance of medical evaluation for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment in older adults.

Vertigo during pregnancy

During pregnancy, vertigo can occur more frequently due to hormonal changes, reduced blood pressure, and increased sensitivity to blood glucose fluctuations. Additionally, the rise in blood volume can impact blood flow to the brain, triggering episodes of dizziness, especially when standing up quickly. While vertigo during pregnancy is usually not a sign of serious problems, it is important to report such symptoms to your healthcare provider to rule out any potential complications.

While vertigo can feel overwhelming, understanding its causes and treatments can help you take control. Whether it’s through medical intervention, lifestyle adjustments, or simple home remedies, effective management is possible. If vertigo persists or significantly impacts your life, consult a healthcare professional to explore tailored treatment options.

FAQ

How to cure vertigo permanently?

Curing vertigo permanently depends on identifying and addressing its underlying cause. For instance, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) can often be resolved with the Epley manoeuvre or similar repositioning techniques. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) can be effective for chronic vestibular conditions, while addressing migraines or stress-related vertigo may require tailored medical and lifestyle interventions. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for a personalised treatment plan.

How long does vertigo last​?

The duration of vertigo varies widely depending on its cause. For example, BPPV episodes typically last seconds to minutes, while vertigo associated with Ménière’s disease can persist for hours. Migrainous vertigo may last from minutes to several hours, and central causes such as strokes can lead to prolonged symptoms. A medical evaluation is recommended to determine the expected duration based on the diagnosis.

Can an ear infection cause vertigo​?

Yes, ear infections can cause vertigo, particularly if the infection affects the inner ear. Vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, which result from viral or bacterial infections, can disrupt balance signals and lead to severe vertigo episodes. Prompt treatment of the infection can alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

How can i treat vertigo at home​?

While professional medical advice is essential for persistent vertigo, some home remedies can help manage symptoms:

  • Stay hydrated to maintain proper fluid balance.
  • Avoid sudden head movements that might trigger episodes.
  • Perform vestibular exercises, such as the Brandt-Daroff exercises, to reduce sensitivity.
  • Rest in a quiet, dimly lit space during an episode to minimise discomfort.
  • Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can exacerbate symptoms.

Can dehydration lead to vertigo​?

Yes, dehydration can lead to vertigo. Inadequate fluid intake can result in reduced blood volume, lowering blood pressure and affecting blood flow to the brain, which may trigger dizziness or vertigo. Staying well-hydrated is crucial for maintaining balance and preventing related symptoms.
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